Which of the following is considered one of the essential characteristics of life?
a. Cognition
b. Self-awareness
c. Perception
d. Metabolism
Which system of the body is responsible for initiating immune responses?
a. Cardiovascular
b. Endocrine
c. Lymphatic
d. Respiratory
Which statement is true of homeostatic mechanisms?
a. They help keep the body’s internal environment consistent.
b. They occur only when a body is in optimal condition.
c. They are generally a result of severe malnourishment.
d. They are most likely to occur in people who are comatose.
An ionic bond will form when two ions have what relationship to each other?
a. One neutral atom, one positively charged
b. Electrically neutral
c. Oppositely charged
d. Similarly charged
Which of the following is a substance that, when added to a chemical solution, prevents large changes in the pH of the solution?
a. Binder
b. Buffer
c. Effector
d. Transmitter
Which type of chemical bond features an unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms, resulting in slight positive and negative charges?
a. Hydrogen
b. Ionic
c. Nonpolar covalent
d. Polar covalent
Which of the following reactions is a major buffer in bodily fluids?
Answer: Carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
Inorganic chemistry generally deals with substances that do not contain:
a. Carbon
b. Glucose
c. Oxygen
d. Sodium
What organelle is continuous with an animal cell’s outer nuclear membrane?
a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Lysosome
d. Ribosome
Which of the following structural features of the plasma membrane results from the unequal distribution of ions inside and outside the cell?
a. Fluid nature
b. Membrane potential
c. Polar head group with a nonpolar tail
d. Stabilization by cholesterol molecules
What organelle is responsible for protein and lipid modification, packaging, and distribution throughout the cell?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Lysosome
c. Mitochondrion
d. Proteasome
The four characteristic functions of a cell are metabolism, synthesis, communication, and which of the following?
a. Anaerobic respiration
b. Hydration
c. Osmosis
d. Reproduction
Which of the following provides energy for cellular respiration?
a. PKU
b. ATP
c. DNA
d. RNA
When adenosine diphosphate (ADP) gains an inorganic phosphate group, it becomes:
a. ATP
b. AMP
c. RNA
d. TEM
At what stage of the menstrual cycle do LH levels begin to increase?
a. Menses
b. Ovulation
c. Proliferative phase
d. Secretory phase
The walls of the intestines and stomach are composed of which type of muscle tissue?
a. Cardiac
b. Skeletal
c. Smooth
d. Synergistic
Starting from the surface and moving inward, what are the layers of the integumentary system?
a. Dermis, epidermis, hypodermis
b. Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
c. Epidermis, hypodermis, dermis
d. Hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
In humans, the integumentary system produces what vitamin?
a. A
b. B
c. D
d. K
Melanin is produced in which of the following cells?
a. Cornified cells
b. Keratinocytes
c. Melanocytes
d. Melanosomes
The release of histamines in the integumentary system causes which of the following?
a. Intestinal bleeding
b. Migraine headaches
c. Blood in stool
d. Skin redness and swelling
In the “ABCDE” rule of detecting melanoma, what symptom is represented by the “E”?
a. Epidermis
b. Evolving
c. Excess
d. Exposure
As humans age, what causes wrinkled skin?
a. Elastic fibers and adipose tissue decrease
b. Collagen fibers decrease in number
c. Faster division of skin cells
d. Increased flexibility and elasticity of connective tissues
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to wrinkling in aging skin?
a. Increase in collagen
b. Increase in melanin
c. Loss of adipose tissue
d. Decrease in temperature regulation
Human skin becomes drier with age due to a decrease in:
a. Elasticity
b. Sebaceous gland activity
c. Keratinocyte division
d. Vitamin D production
Which cranial suture joins the parietal bones along the skull’s midline (superior view)?
a. Coronal
b. Lambdoid
c. Occipitomastoid
d. Sagittal
Which of the following statements about bone marrow is true?
a. In adult long bones, yellow marrow is mostly replaced by red marrow.
b. The adult hipbone contains no red marrow.
c. Red marrow is the site of blood cell formation.
d. Red marrow contains mostly adipose tissue.
Which of the following demonstrates that the skeletal system provides storage for the body?
a. Blood cells are produced within red bone marrow.
b. Calcium and phosphorus are released from bones when blood levels decrease.
c. Smooth cartilage covers bone ends.
d. The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by the cranium and vertebrae.
What are the two principal minerals stored in bone?
a. Calcium and iron
b. Calcium and magnesium
c. Calcium and phosphorus
d. Phosphorus and iron
In which way do chondrocytes receive nutrients?
a. Delivery from blood vessels through cartilage matrix
b. Delivery from blood vessels through perichondrium layer
c. Diffusion through cartilage matrix
d. Transport from stem cells
What type of cartilage plays a part in long bone growth and repair?
a. Collagen
b. Elastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Hyaline cartilage
Two systems for classifying joints are based on:
a. Joint cavity size and ability to regenerate damage
b. Location and size
c. Range of motion and type of connective tissue holding them together
d. Size and number of muscular connections
Joints connecting two bones that contain fibrocartilage are called:
a. Sutures
b. Symphyses
c. Synchondroses
d. Syndesmoses
In which kind of bone would an epiphyseal plate be found?
a. Flat
b. Irregular
c. Long
d. Short
Which factor initially stimulates bone growth and is responsible for the burst of growth at puberty?
a. Growth hormone
b. Thyroid hormone
c. Sex hormones
d. Increased nutrient intake
Which characteristic makes skeletal muscle unique from other kinds of muscle?
a. It can be moved voluntarily.
b. It has a single nucleus.
c. It contracts spontaneously.
d. It is non-striated.