BIOS 242 Week 1 Learning Concepts

BIOS 242 Week 1 Learning Concepts

BIOS 242 Week 1 Learning Concepts

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Learning Concepts

Scientist/ConceptDescriptionExamples/Findings
Carolus LinnaeusDeveloped the system of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, which classifies organisms and assigns them two-part scientific names.
Antonie van LeeuwenhoekA self-made microbiologist who created a microscope with a magnification of around 300x and discovered microorganisms, which he called “animalcules.”
Alexander FlemingDiscovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, which has had a significant impact on medicine.
Joseph ListerIntroduced aseptic techniques to disinfect hands and air in surgical theaters, greatly reducing infections during surgeries.
Ignaz SemmelweisAdvocated for handwashing to protect against puerperal/childbed fever, significantly improving maternal health outcomes.
Robert KochA German bacteriologist who discovered Bacillus anthracis as the causative agent of anthrax and established Koch’s postulates for linking pathogens to diseases.– Simple staining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, use of Petri dishes, steam sterilization, and elucidation of distinct bacterial species.
Louis PasteurConducted the S-shaped flask experiment, disproving spontaneous generation by demonstrating that microbes in the air were responsible for contamination.– Curved-neck flask experiment showing that intact flasks remained sterile, while broken flasks became contaminated.
CarbohydratesProvide energy for living organisms.– Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose).
– Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose, lactose, sucrose).
– Polysaccharides: Chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
LipidsServe as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage, and signaling molecules.– Triglycerides: Fats and oils, major energy storage.
– Phospholipids: Membrane components with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Protein StructureLevels of structural organization that determine protein function.– Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
– Secondary: Helices and pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds.
– Tertiary: 3D structure from additional bonds.
– Quaternary: Multiunit proteins (e.g., antibodies).
DNAComposed of deoxyribose sugar and thymine, located in the nucleus, serving as genetic material.– Double helix structure with complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G).
RNAComposed of ribose sugar and uracil, responsible for carrying out the hereditary program from DNA.– Single-stranded structure involved in protein synthesis.
Type of Nucleic AcidCompositionStructureFunction
mRNA (messenger RNA)Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).Single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA.Provides the order and type of amino acids in a protein during translation.
tRNA (transfer RNA)Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).Cloverleaf structure that carries amino acids to ribosomes.Delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly during translation.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).Major component of ribosomes, forming the core of ribosomal structure.Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins and ensures proper alignment of mRNA and tRNA during translation.
Regulatory RNAComposed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).Various structures, often single-stranded, involved in gene regulation.Regulates genes and gene expression, influencing protein synthesis and cellular functions.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)Composed of adenine (nitrogen base), ribose (5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups.Nucleotide structure with high-energy phosphate bonds.Acts as the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes through the breakdown of food molecules.

References:

  • Bauman, R. W. (2017). Microbiology with Diseases by Body System. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from VitalSource

BIOS 242 Week 1 Learning Concepts

  • Cowan, M. K. (2017). Microbiology: A Systems Approach. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from VitalSource