PHIL 347 Week 4 Assignment: Journal

PHIL 347 Week 4 Assignment: Journal

Name

Chamberlain University

PHIL-347: Critical Reasoning

Prof. Name

Date

Week 4 Assignment: Journal Inference

Inference and Reasoning

Inductive and deductive reasoning are both essential methods for reaching sound conclusions, much like the terms “valid” and “warranted.” Although different, both approaches ultimately seek to ensure that a topic is justified. Deductive reasoning emphasizes research hypotheses, whereas inductive reasoning is more focused on generating hypotheses from new data. These terms are context-sensitive, meaning that readers interpret their meaning based on usage. For instance, one might say, “Mary’s test results are not valid because she cheated,” where “valid” relates to integrity. Conversely, the term can also indicate something justifiable, as in, “He made a valid remark by bringing up the event that occurred last year.” Similarly, “warranted” varies by context: “John’s actions warranted that he be sent home from work” implies a justified action, while “He received a warrant from the court” pertains to a legal document. Despite originating from the same linguistic roots, each term adopts unique meanings depending on its application.

Fallacies in Argumentation

Understanding and identifying fallacies and the faulty logic they present in clear, everyday terms greatly aids in evaluating arguments (Facione & Gittens, 2016). I find this approach insightful because it highlights the essence of fallacies and the importance of explaining them clearly for comprehension. The following example illustrates a fallacious argument: “Anyone that is imprisoned can still be innocent, as understanding of one’s condition is true freedom. The more you are aware of yourself, the more you are completely free” (Facione & Gittens, 2016). The assertion implies that self-awareness equates to freedom, despite physical confinement, which distorts reality. A more accurate expression would suggest that learning about oneself can enhance personal freedom if grounded in self-belief.

Civic Responsibilities in Health Care

The American healthcare system has been a contentious issue for decades, with ongoing debate over whether the U.S. should implement universal healthcare similar to other nations, many of which are less affluent yet manage to provide comprehensive coverage. Addressing such a topic, as outlined in the assignment, requires substantial time and research. Although the discussion dates back to 2009, exploring this issue may offer insights into our healthcare system’s structure and current policies. Particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare accessibility is paramount as it helps cover medical bills, doctor’s visits, and medication expenses. The pandemic underscores the urgent need for the government to create affordable healthcare options for the uninsured. For many Americans, access to healthcare can mean the difference between life and death. Working in a medical office, I frequently see patients struggle with copays and prescription costs, a heartbreaking reality. Despite offering assistance, such as copay cards, discount codes, or free samples, these efforts often fall short. Many uninsured individuals hesitate to seek hospital care, fearing insurmountable debt.#

PHIL 347 Week 4 Assignment: Journal

References

Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016). Think critically (3rd ed.).