BIOS 242 Week 1 Learning Concepts

Name

Chamberlain University

BIOS-242 Fundamentals of Microbiology

Prof. Name

Date

Learning Concepts

Scientist/Concept	Description	Examples/Findings
Carolus Linnaeus	Developed the system of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, which classifies organisms and assigns them two-part scientific names.	–
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	A self-made microbiologist who created a microscope with a magnification of around 300x and discovered microorganisms, which he called “animalcules.”	–
Alexander Fleming	Discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, which has had a significant impact on medicine.	–
Joseph Lister	Introduced aseptic techniques to disinfect hands and air in surgical theaters, greatly reducing infections during surgeries.	–
Ignaz Semmelweis	Advocated for handwashing to protect against puerperal/childbed fever, significantly improving maternal health outcomes.	–
Robert Koch	A German bacteriologist who discovered Bacillus anthracis as the causative agent of anthrax and established Koch’s postulates for linking pathogens to diseases.	– Simple staining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, use of Petri dishes, steam sterilization, and elucidation of distinct bacterial species.
Louis Pasteur	Conducted the S-shaped flask experiment, disproving spontaneous generation by demonstrating that microbes in the air were responsible for contamination.	– Curved-neck flask experiment showing that intact flasks remained sterile, while broken flasks became contaminated.
Carbohydrates	Provide energy for living organisms.	– Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose). – Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose, lactose, sucrose). – Polysaccharides: Chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Lipids	Serve as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage, and signaling molecules.	– Triglycerides: Fats and oils, major energy storage. – Phospholipids: Membrane components with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Protein Structure	Levels of structural organization that determine protein function.	– Primary: Sequence of amino acids. – Secondary: Helices and pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds. – Tertiary: 3D structure from additional bonds. – Quaternary: Multiunit proteins (e.g., antibodies).
DNA	Composed of deoxyribose sugar and thymine, located in the nucleus, serving as genetic material.	– Double helix structure with complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G).
RNA	Composed of ribose sugar and uracil, responsible for carrying out the hereditary program from DNA.	– Single-stranded structure involved in protein synthesis.

Scientist/Concept

Description

Examples/Findings

Carolus Linnaeus

Developed the system of taxonomy and binomial nomenclature, which classifies organisms and assigns them two-part scientific names.

–

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A self-made microbiologist who created a microscope with a magnification of around 300x and discovered microorganisms, which he called “animalcules.”

–

Alexander Fleming

Discovered the first antibiotic, penicillin, which has had a significant impact on medicine.

–

Joseph Lister

Introduced aseptic techniques to disinfect hands and air in surgical theaters, greatly reducing infections during surgeries.

–

Ignaz Semmelweis

Advocated for handwashing to protect against puerperal/childbed fever, significantly improving maternal health outcomes.

–

Robert Koch

A German bacteriologist who discovered Bacillus anthracis as the causative agent of anthrax and established Koch’s postulates for linking pathogens to diseases.

– Simple staining techniques, first photomicrograph of bacteria, use of Petri dishes, steam sterilization, and elucidation of distinct bacterial species.

Louis Pasteur

Conducted the S-shaped flask experiment, disproving spontaneous generation by demonstrating that microbes in the air were responsible for contamination.

– Curved-neck flask experiment showing that intact flasks remained sterile, while broken flasks became contaminated.

Carbohydrates

Provide energy for living organisms.

– Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose).
– Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (e.g., maltose, lactose, sucrose).
– Polysaccharides: Chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose, glycogen).

Lipids

Serve as structural components of cell membranes, energy storage, and signaling molecules.

– Triglycerides: Fats and oils, major energy storage.
– Phospholipids: Membrane components with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Protein Structure

Levels of structural organization that determine protein function.

– Primary: Sequence of amino acids.
– Secondary: Helices and pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds.
– Tertiary: 3D structure from additional bonds.
– Quaternary: Multiunit proteins (e.g., antibodies).

DNA

Composed of deoxyribose sugar and thymine, located in the nucleus, serving as genetic material.

– Double helix structure with complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G).

RNA

Composed of ribose sugar and uracil, responsible for carrying out the hereditary program from DNA.

– Single-stranded structure involved in protein synthesis.

Type of Nucleic Acid	Composition	Structure	Function
mRNA (messenger RNA)	Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).	Single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA.	Provides the order and type of amino acids in a protein during translation.
tRNA (transfer RNA)	Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).	Cloverleaf structure that carries amino acids to ribosomes.	Delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly during translation.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)	Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).	Major component of ribosomes, forming the core of ribosomal structure.	Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins and ensures proper alignment of mRNA and tRNA during translation.
Regulatory RNA	Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).	Various structures, often single-stranded, involved in gene regulation.	Regulates genes and gene expression, influencing protein synthesis and cellular functions.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)	Composed of adenine (nitrogen base), ribose (5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups.	Nucleotide structure with high-energy phosphate bonds.	Acts as the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes through the breakdown of food molecules.

Type of Nucleic Acid

Composition

Structure

Function

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).

Single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA.

Provides the order and type of amino acids in a protein during translation.

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).

Cloverleaf structure that carries amino acids to ribosomes.

Delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly during translation.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).

Major component of ribosomes, forming the core of ribosomal structure.

Facilitates the assembly of amino acids into proteins and ensures proper alignment of mRNA and tRNA during translation.

Regulatory RNA

Composed of ribonucleotides (nitrogen base, ribose sugar, phosphate).

Various structures, often single-stranded, involved in gene regulation.

Regulates genes and gene expression, influencing protein synthesis and cellular functions.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Composed of adenine (nitrogen base), ribose (5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups.

Nucleotide structure with high-energy phosphate bonds.

Acts as the energy currency of the cell, providing energy for various cellular processes through the breakdown of food molecules.

References:

Bauman, R. W. (2017). Microbiology with Diseases by Body System. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from VitalSource

BIOS 242 Week 1 Learning Concepts

Cowan, M. K. (2017). Microbiology: A Systems Approach. [VitalSource Bookshelf]. Retrieved from VitalSource

November 16, 2024

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