A nurse discovers her patient awake in the middle of the night, struggling to breathe and needing to sit or stand for relief. What condition does this patient have? A) Subjective Dyspnea B) Orthopnea C) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea D) Dyspnea on exertion
A nurse discovers her patient awake in the middle of the night, struggling to breathe and needing to sit or stand for relief. What condition does this patient have? A) Subjective Dyspnea B) Orthopnea C) Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea D) Dyspnea on exertion
What is it called when a patient has a PaCO2 level higher than normal due to insufficient expiration? A. Hypercapnia B. Hyperventilation C. Hypocapnia D. Clubbing
What is it called when a patient has a PaCO2 level higher than normal due to insufficient expiration? A. Hypercapnia B. Hyperventilation C. Hypocapnia D. Clubbing
Which breathing pattern is associated with intense exercise and is characterized by an increased respiratory rate alongside larger tidal volumes? A. Labored breathing B. Cheyne-Stokes Respirations C. Normal breathing D. Kussmaul Respirations
Which breathing pattern is associated with intense exercise and is characterized by an increased respiratory rate alongside larger tidal volumes? A. Labored breathing B. Cheyne-Stokes Respirations C. Normal breathing D. Kussmaul Respirations
Hypoxemia refers to a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues. True or False
Hypoxemia refers to a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues. True or False
Which of the following can contribute to hypoxemia? (select all that apply) A. Damage to the alveolocapillary membrane B. Atelectasis C. Pulmonary embolus D. Pneumonia
Which of the following can contribute to hypoxemia? (select all that apply) A. Damage to the alveolocapillary membrane B. Atelectasis C. Pulmonary embolus D. Pneumonia
The accumulation of excess air in the pleural space resulting in a “one-way valve” effect is termed what? A. Spontaneous Pneumothorax B. Flail chest C. Tension Pneumothorax D. Atelectasis
The accumulation of excess air in the pleural space resulting in a “one-way valve” effect is termed what? A. Spontaneous Pneumothorax B. Flail chest C. Tension Pneumothorax D. Atelectasis
An increase in pus, cellular debris, and microorganisms in the pleural space is known as what? A. Pulmonary edema B. Transudative pleural effusion C. Pneumonia D. Empyema
An increase in pus, cellular debris, and microorganisms in the pleural space is known as what? A. Pulmonary edema B. Transudative pleural effusion C. Pneumonia D. Empyema
A frequent cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome is: A) Cardiac Disease B) Renal Disease C) Sepsis D) Compromised Chest Wall
A frequent cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome is: A) Cardiac Disease B) Renal Disease C) Sepsis D) Compromised Chest Wall
What leads to hypoxemia in ARDS? What leads to hypoxemia in ARDS? Because the alveolocapillary membrane becomes injured, allowing blood, cells, and debris to enter the alveoli, leading to some alveoli collapsing. When alveoli are filled with fluid or are collapsed, they cannot engage in gas exchange, preventing oxygen from reaching the blood.
A nurse is providing education to colleagues regarding the pathology of emphysema. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Excessive mucus production obstructs the small airways B. Inhalation of an allergen causes bronchospasm and mucus production C. Obstruction and air trapping result from tissue changes rather than mucus production D. Caused by community-acquired or nosocomial bacteria
A nurse is providing education to colleagues regarding the pathology of emphysema. Which of the following statements is correct? A. Excessive mucus production obstructs the small airways B. Inhalation of an allergen causes bronchospasm and mucus production C. Obstruction and air trapping result from tissue changes rather than mucus production D. Caused by community-acquired or nosocomial bacteria
Emphysema can be caused by which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Cigarette smoke B. Air pollutants C. Increased mucus glands D. Deficiency of an enzyme
Emphysema can be caused by which of the following? (select all that apply) A. Cigarette smoke B. Air pollutants C. Increased mucus glands D. Deficiency of an enzyme
A patient presents with fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats, and general anxiety. This patient has also been homeless for most of the past year. The nurse suspects which disease process? A. Chronic Bronchitis B. Asthma C. Pulmonary edema D. Tuberculosis
A patient presents with fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats, and general anxiety. This patient has also been homeless for most of the past year. The nurse suspects which disease process? A. Chronic Bronchitis B. Asthma C. Pulmonary edema D. Tuberculosis
A pulmonary embolism typically originates from where? A. Pulmonary vein B. Deep vein in the arm C. Deep vein in the thigh D. Pulmonary artery
A pulmonary embolism typically originates from where? A. Pulmonary vein B. Deep vein in the arm C. Deep vein in the thigh D. Pulmonary artery
Which statement best defines cor pulmonale? A. It is characterized by high pressure in the pulmonary vessels B. It results in increased workload for the left side of the heart C. It is known as pulmonary heart disease D. Early symptoms include productive cough and wheezing
Which statement best defines cor pulmonale? A. It is characterized by high pressure in the pulmonary vessels B. It results in increased workload for the left side of the heart C. It is known as pulmonary heart disease D. Early symptoms include productive cough and wheezing
Oxygenated blood flows through which structure? A. Superior Vena Cava B. Pulmonary Veins C. Pulmonary Arteries D. Coronary Veins
Oxygenated blood flows through which structure? A. Superior Vena Cava B. Pulmonary Veins C. Pulmonary Arteries D. Coronary Veins
What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)? CO = _ x __ What does CO indicate? What factors influence cardiac output? What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)? CO = HR x SV_ What does CO indicate? It reflects the heart’s performance or cardiac efficiency. What factors influence cardiac output? Preload Afterload Contractility Heart rate
Cardiac Question
Chronic venous insufficiency can lead to varicose veins.
True or False
Chronic venous insufficiency can lead to varicose veins. True or False, it’s actually the reverse.
Which of the following factors is included in Virchow’s Triad? (select all that apply) A. Immobility B. Use of birth control pills C. Damage to the venous valves D. History of varicose veins
Which of the following factors is included in Virchow’s Triad? (select all that apply) A. Immobility—leads to venous stasis B. Use of birth control pills—contributes to hypercoagulability C. Damage to the venous valves—indicates endothelial injury D. History of varicose veins
Which of the following will not increase due to primary hypertension? A. Peripheral resistance B. Circulating volume C. Salt and water excretion D. Arterial vasoconstriction
Which of the following will not increase due to primary hypertension? A. Peripheral resistance B. Circulating volume C. Salt and water excretion D. Arterial vasoconstriction
Malignant hypertension is a chronic form of hypertension that results in damage to the heart, kidneys, brain, or eyes. True or False
Malignant hypertension is a chronic form of hypertension that results in damage to the heart, kidneys, brain, or eyes. True or False
Complicated hypertension is the chronic form; malignant hypertension is the rapidly progressive type.
What is true regarding aneurysms? A. The most common cause is infection B. Symptoms will always be present with an aneurysm C. A saccular aneurysm creates outpouchings on both sides of the vessel wall D. False aneurysms can arise from hematoma formation
What is true regarding aneurysms? A. The most common cause is infection B. Symptoms will always be present with an aneurysm C. A saccular aneurysm creates outpouchings on both sides of the vessel wall D. False aneurysms can arise from hematoma formation
Reducing a patient’s cholesterol can
significantly reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis. True or False
Reducing a patient’s cholesterol can significantly reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis. True or False
Which of the following are risk factors for developing atherosclerosis? (select all that apply) A. Obesity B. Smoking C. Hypertension D. High HDL levels
Which of the following are risk factors for developing atherosclerosis? (select all that apply) A. Obesity B. Smoking C. Hypertension D. High HDL levels
What is the term for the formation of a clot within a blood vessel? A. Thrombosis B. Hemorrhage C. Embolism D. Aneurysm
What is the term for the formation of a clot within a blood vessel? A. Thrombosis B. Hemorrhage C. Embolism D. Aneurysm
A patient presents with a facial droop, arm weakness, and speech difficulties. The nurse suspects which type of stroke? A. Ischemic stroke B. Hemorrhagic stroke C. Transient Ischemic Attack D. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A patient presents with a facial droop, arm weakness, and speech difficulties. The nurse suspects which type of stroke? A. Ischemic stroke B. Hemorrhagic stroke C. Transient Ischemic Attack D. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
The patient is experiencing hemiplegia on the right side of their body. This indicates a problem in which hemisphere of the brain? A. Left hemisphere B. Right hemisphere C. Cerebellum D. Brainstem
The patient is experiencing hemiplegia on the right side of their body. This indicates a problem in which hemisphere of the brain? A. Left hemisphere B. Right hemisphere C. Cerebellum D. Brainstem
A patient presents with a “thunderclap headache” and has a history of hypertension. The nurse suspects which condition? A. TIA B. Stroke C. Subarachnoid hemorrhage D. Migraine
A patient presents with a “thunderclap headache” and has a history of hypertension. The nurse suspects which condition? A. TIA B. Stroke C. Subarachnoid hemorrhage D. Migraine
The nurse is monitoring a patient with heart failure. Which finding would be of greatest concern? A. Increased heart rate B. Decreased urine output C. Sudden weight gain D. Mild peripheral edema
The nurse is monitoring a patient with heart failure. Which finding would be of greatest concern? A. Increased heart rate B. Decreased urine output C. Sudden weight gain D. Mild peripheral edema
In heart failure, which of the following would most likely cause pulmonary congestion? A. Right-sided heart failure B. Left-sided heart failure C. Isolated heart failure D. Compensated heart failure
In heart failure, which of the following would most likely cause pulmonary congestion? A. Right-sided heart failure B. Left-sided heart failure C. Isolated heart failure D. Compensated heart failure
A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of left-sided heart failure. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to find? A. Peripheral edema B. Jugular venous distension C. Pulmonary congestion D. Hepatomegaly
A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of left-sided heart failure. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to find? A. Peripheral edema B. Jugular venous distension C. Pulmonary congestion D. Hepatomegaly
In chronic heart failure, what does the term “decompensation” refer to? A. The heart is unable to pump adequately to meet the body’s needs B. The patient exhibits an improvement in symptoms C. The patient develops compensatory mechanisms to improve cardiac output D. The heart’s workload is reduced
In chronic heart failure, what does the term “decompensation” refer to? A. The heart is unable to pump adequately to meet the body’s needs B. The patient exhibits an improvement in symptoms C. The patient develops compensatory mechanisms to improve cardiac output D. The heart’s workload is reduced
The nurse recognizes that a patient with heart failure who has a low ejection fraction is likely to experience: A. Increased oxygen demand on the heart B. Increased blood volume in the heart C. Impaired contractility of the heart D. Decreased venous return to the heart
The nurse recognizes that a patient with heart failure who has a low ejection fraction is likely to experience: A. Increased oxygen demand on the heart B. Increased blood volume in the heart C. Impaired contractility of the heart D. Decreased venous return to the heart
In a patient with heart failure, which medication is likely to be prescribed to reduce preload? A. Diuretics B. Beta-blockers C. ACE inhibitors D. Digoxin
In a patient with heart failure, which medication is likely to be prescribed to reduce preload? A. Diuretics B. Beta-blockers C. ACE inhibitors D. Digoxin
Which of the following are complications associated with heart failure? (select all that apply) A. Thromboembolism B. Renal failure C. Liver dysfunction D. Pulmonary edema
Which of the following are complications associated with heart failure? (select all that apply) A. Thromboembolism B. Renal failure C. Liver dysfunction D. Pulmonary edema
