NR 283 Pathophysiology Paper

Name

Chamberlain University

NR-283: Pathophysiology

Prof. Name

Date

Introduction of Disease

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer known for its malignant potential. Although it is not the most common type of skin cancer, it is the deadliest. Melanoma arises from melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin, which is responsible for the skin’s darker pigmentation. These melanocytes are located at the junction of the epidermis and dermis and produce melanin in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Harting (2014) indicates that the occurrence of malignant melanoma has grown over the past three decades, making it the fifth most prevalent tumor in the population. While the incidence of melanoma has been on the rise, various preventive measures exist that can help reduce the likelihood of developing this skin cancer.

Etiology

The primary cause of skin cancer, including melanoma, is overexposure to UV radiation. Although some genes are believed to influence skin cancer susceptibility, conclusive evidence linking specific genes to skin cancer risk has yet to be found (Porth & Gaspard, 2014). Melanin in the skin serves as a partial shield against the harmful effects of UV radiation, primarily derived from sunlight and artificial sources such as tanning beds. Exposure to UV rays can occur both outdoors and indoors; for instance, even in winter, UV rays can reflect off the snow, intensifying their effect. Prolonged exposure through car windows can also amplify UV rays, especially for drivers spending extended periods in vehicles. Individuals with fair skin, especially Caucasians, have a higher risk of developing skin cancer. People with light hair (blonde or red), light-colored eyes (blue or green), or a high number of freckles and moles also carry increased risk. Men are generally at a greater risk of skin cancer than women, and additional risk factors include family history, severe childhood sunburns, and previous instances of malignant melanoma (Harting, 2014).

Pathophysiology Processes

Malignant melanoma develops when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, undergo mutations due to UV radiation exposure. These mutations can damage the genetic material within the skin cells, leading to uncontrollable cellular growth and eventual tumor formation. The process often begins with dysplasia, where abnormal cellular changes occur, and may progress to anaplasia, marked by further loss of cellular differentiation (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014). While genetic predispositions have been observed in some melanoma cases, there is no definitive link between these genetic factors and melanoma development (Harting, 2014). Although the body has mechanisms to repair damaged DNA, if the rate of cell proliferation exceeds repair capacity, these cells may rapidly multiply, complicating the body’s ability to correct mutations. Continued research is essential to understanding and advancing prevention and treatment strategies for melanoma.

NR 283 Pathophysiology Paper

Section	Content	Key Reference(s)
Introduction of Disease	Melanoma is a dangerous form of skin cancer arising from melanocytes. UV exposure triggers melanin production, creating skin pigmentation. Over the past three decades, malignant melanoma incidence has grown significantly, ranking fifth among tumors. While cases increase, preventive measures help lower skin cancer risk.	Harting (2014)
Etiology	UV radiation is the leading cause of melanoma. Though some genes are suspected, no conclusive evidence links them to skin cancer. Melanin provides partial UV protection, mainly derived from sunlight and tanning beds. Risk factors include fair skin, light-colored hair, and severe childhood sunburns. Men have a higher incidence of skin cancer than women.	Porth & Gaspard (2014); Harting (2014)
Pathophysiology	UV radiation exposure leads to melanocyte mutation, causing melanoma. Cell changes progress from dysplasia to anaplasia. While genetics may influence susceptibility, no clear genetic link exists. The body’s DNA repair mechanisms may be overwhelmed, leading to cancer. Continued research is vital to improve understanding and treatments.	VanMeter & Hubert (2014); Harting (2014)

References

Harting, D. (2014). Malignant Melanoma. Radiation Therapist, 23(1), 51-76.

Porth, C. M., & Gaspard, K. J. (2014). Essentials of pathophysiology: Concepts of altered states (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Schub, T., & Holle, M. N. (2017). Melanoma. CINAHL Nursing Guide.

NR 283 Pathophysiology Paper

VanMeter, K. C., & Hubert, R. J. (2014). Gould’s pathophysiology for the health professions (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.