NR 293 Final Exam Concept Review Pathophysiology

Name

Chamberlain University

NR-293: Pharmacology for Nursing Practice

Prof. Name

Date

Gastrointestinal Conditions: Causes, Signs, and Symptoms

Hiatal Hernia:

This condition occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm. Contributing factors include a short esophagus, trauma, or weakened muscles. Common symptoms are heartburn, belching, discomfort while lying down, and pain behind the breastbone.

Chronic Gastritis:

This inflammation of the stomach lining can result from microorganisms, allergies, alcohol use, and other factors. It is often linked to Helicobacter pylori infections, NSAID use, and excessive alcohol intake. Symptoms may include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting (including blood), and abdominal pain.

Peptic Ulcer Disease:

This involves the formation of ulcers in the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, primarily caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, NSAID use, or Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Symptoms typically include pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Cholelithiasis:

The formation of gallstones in the gallbladder can occur due to obstruction, a high-fat diet, certain medications, age, or ethnicity. Symptoms can be absent, but high levels of cholesterol or bilirubin may lead to gallstone development.

Hepatitis:

This refers to liver inflammation and includes types A, B, and C, each with different transmission methods and symptoms. The disease progresses through stages: prodromal, jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes), and recovery.

Hepatic Encephalopathy:

This condition results from liver damage and leads to a decline in brain function. Symptoms can include forgetfulness, a musty breath odor, hand tremors, and slurred speech, with diagnosis typically made through blood tests.

NR 293 Final Exam Concept Review Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis:

A progressive and irreversible liver disease primarily caused by excessive alcohol consumption and hepatitis. Symptoms include liver inflammation, scar tissue formation, fatigue, loss of appetite, ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen), jaundice, and complications like infections and esophageal varices.

Esophageal Varices:

These are enlarged veins in the lower esophagus caused by obstructed blood flow from the liver. They may not present symptoms initially but can lead to bleeding and shock. Complications include liver failure and other serious conditions.

Crohn’s Disease:

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, marked by the presence of ulcers. Symptoms include non-bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, malabsorption, and weight loss.

Ulcerative Colitis:

This inflammatory bowel disease mainly affects the colon and rectum, starting at the rectum and progressing upward. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, tenesmus (a constant urge to have a bowel movement), and fever.

Appendicitis:

This is the inflammation of the appendix, often due to obstruction, infection, or ischemia (reduced blood supply). Symptoms include pain in the upper abdomen and right lower quadrant, tenderness, and fever, typically requiring prompt medical attention and surgical removal of the inflamed appendix.

Intestinal Obstruction:

This condition involves a blockage in the intestines, leading to crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, and abdominal swelling. Causes can include constipation and previous surgeries.