NR 283 Quiz 2
Name
Chamberlain University
SOCS-185 Culture & Society
Prof. Name
Date
The U.S. Census has played a pivotal role in shaping the nation’s understanding of race and ethnicity, beginning with its inaugural count in 1790. Over time, these categories have evolved to reflect the complex, diverse society that America has become. This article explores the transformation of race and ethnicity classifications, highlighting how these changes impacted individuals like Mexican Americans and other minority groups throughout history.
In the 1790 Census, racial categories were extremely limited. The population was divided into “Free White Males,” “Free White Females,” “All Other Free Persons,” and “Slaves.” Individuals who did not fit neatly into these categories, like Mexican Americans, would have been classified under “All Other Free Persons.” Gender differences were noted for whites, but there was no distinction between male and female in the other categories.
The census of this era, conducted by U.S. Marshals going house to house, did not capture the complexities of race and ethnicity. The only names listed were those of the heads of households, and the racial classifications were narrow and inconsistent. The early census forms lacked the precision and inclusivity necessary to accurately represent the population, especially for minority groups.
By 1850, the census began to introduce more distinctions within racial classifications. Terms like “Black,” “Black Slave,” and “Mulatto” were added to account for individuals of mixed race. This reflected a growing recognition of the racial diversity in the U.S., but it also underscored the nation’s fixation on race and the need to categorize individuals based on their skin color and ancestry. The term “Mulatto” referred to individuals of mixed Black and white heritage, a precursor to today’s understanding of multiracial identities.
The inclusion of Native Americans (“Indians”) as a race in the 1860 census further expanded the categories, though it did not yet capture the full breadth of ethnic diversity. Mexican Americans, during this time, were still largely invisible in these racial classifications, despite their growing presence in the Southwest, especially after the U.S.-Mexico War.
The 1930 Census marked a significant shift when Mexicans were categorized as a separate race for the first time. This change was a recognition of the distinct identity and growing influence of the Mexican-American population. However, the category was still broad and did not differentiate between Mexican nationals and Mexican Americans born in the U.S. Furthermore, in 1930, the census also referred to Asian Indians as “Hindu,” conflating religion and ethnicity in a way that did not accurately represent the diversity within this group.
Despite these improvements, the U.S. Census remained limited in capturing the complexity of racial identity, especially for biracial and multiracial individuals. The concept of race was still largely socially constructed, and individuals were often placed in categories based on appearance or the prejudices of the time.
It wasn’t until the 1980 Census that ethnicity began to be recognized as a separate identifier from race. The Hispanic or Latino origin category was introduced, finally giving Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latinos a distinct classification. This allowed for a more nuanced understanding of the diversity within the Hispanic population.
In the 2010 Census, individuals were asked if they were of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin, and then given the option to select their race separately. For Mexican Americans, this meant they could now identify both their ethnicity and race, choosing from a variety of options that reflected their complex heritage.
This marked a significant shift in how the U.S. government viewed race and ethnicity. No longer were individuals forced to choose a race that did not accurately represent them. For the first time, Mexican Americans and other Latino groups could embrace both their ethnic and racial identities on an official government form.
The 2020 Census provided even more options for individuals to identify their race and ethnicity. Seven racial categories were introduced, with subcategories for greater specificity. For example, white individuals were asked to specify their origins, such as Irish, German, or Italian. African Americans were encouraged to include their heritage, such as Ethiopian, Jamaican, or Haitian. Asian Americans could now choose between Chinese, Vietnamese, and other nationalities, while Pacific Islanders were offered subcategories like Samoan and Hawaiian.
The Hispanic category also included subgroups like Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban. This allowed individuals to be categorized by their origin, providing a clearer picture of the ethnic and racial makeup of the U.S. population.
As the United States continues to grow more racially and ethnically diverse, there is ongoing debate about how to improve the census to ensure all groups are accurately represented. For the 2030 Census, it will be important to educate people about the significance of the census and how to complete it accurately, particularly in multiple languages to accommodate non-English speakers.
One potential improvement could be the inclusion of more gender categories, such as male, female, and transgender, to better represent the LGBTQ+ community. Additionally, Middle Eastern individuals, who are currently classified under “White,” could be given their own distinct racial category to more accurately reflect their unique cultural and ethnic identity.
Another suggestion is to allow individuals to write in their race if it is not listed, ensuring that the census captures the full spectrum of racial and ethnic diversity. This would give people the opportunity to define themselves in a way that feels authentic, rather than being confined to a predetermined set of categories.
The U.S. Census has evolved significantly since its inception in 1790, gradually expanding its categories to reflect the nation’s growing diversity. From the limited racial classifications of the early 19th century to the nuanced options available today, the census has become an essential tool for understanding the complexities of race and ethnicity in America.
As we look toward the future, the hope is that the census will continue to evolve, ensuring that every individual is accurately represented, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender. By doing so, we can build a more inclusive and equitable society for all.
Bennett, C. (2000). Racial Categories Used in the Decennial Censuses, 1790 to the Present.Government Information Quarterly,17(2),161. https://eds-b-ebscohostcom.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=3&sid=061816d2-7d32-4a25-b2c0-d774d73cf8d7@sessionmgr101
Brown, A.(2020). The changing categories the U.S. census has used to measure race. Fact Tank news in the Numbers: https://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/2020/02/25/the-changing-categories-the-u-s-has-used-to-measure-race/
Guo, G., Fu, Y., Lee, H., Cai, T., Mullan, K., & Li, Y. (2014). Genetic Bio-Ancestry and Social Construction of Racial Classification in Social Surveys in the Contemporary United States. Demography, 51(1), 141–172. https://eds-bebscohost-com.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=4&sid=a1145776-15cf-486e-bd19-64a95a7e7272%40pdc-v-sessmgr03
Hook, J., Bean, F., Bachmeier, J., & Tucker, C. (2014). Recent Trends in Coverage of the Mexican-Born Population of the United States: Results From Applying Multiple Methods Across Time .Demography, 51(2),699–726. https://eds-b-ebscohostcom.chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=2&sid=c54bcd94-360e-4c76-a254-f44b452b9f69%40pdc-v-sessmgr06 Kendall, D.(2018). Sociology in our times: The essentials(11th ed).Boston: Cengage Learning.
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